A Comparison of Sanctions for Non-Compliance with the Disclosure of Origin Requirement in Patent Law and Its Relevance to Shari'ah Principles

Efridani Lubis; Sukamto Kusnadi; Winahyu Erwiningsih; Noor Nadher Zghair

doi:10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i2.357

Authors

Efridani Lubis Universitas Islam As-Syafi’iyah, Indonesia
Sukamto Kusnadi Universitas Islam As-Syafi’iyah, Indonesia
Winahyu Erwiningsih Universitas Islam As-Syafi’iyah, Indonesia
Noor Nadher Zghair Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i2.357

Keywords:

Biopiracy; Disclosure of Origin; Hybrid Enforcement; Patent Law.

Abstract

This article analyses how India, Brazil, Switzerland, and Indonesia design sanctions for non-compliance with origin disclosure obligations under patent law and examines their implications for fairness, administrative feasibility, and benefit-sharing. It employs a normative-doctrinal legal approach using comparative analysis based on five indicators: legal basis, relationship with access and benefit-sharing regimes, types of sanctions, institutional design, and implications for patent validity. The findings show that differences among these countries lie not primarily in the existence of disclosure obligations, but in sanction design and its normative function: safeguarding patent validity, ensuring biodiversity compliance, or promoting administrative transparency. India represents a stringent patent-enforcement model; Brazil demonstrates an integrated biodiversity-compliance model; Switzerland emphasises administrative transparency; while Indonesia remains largely declarative, without a fully operational enforcement framework. From a Shari'ah perspective, these variations reflect different applications of justice ('adl), proportionality (al-tanāsub), and the appropriateness of sanctions to the offence (al-jazā' min jins al-'amal). Disclosure obligations embody the principles of honesty (ṣidq) and trustworthiness (amānah), while effective sanctions help prevent the illegitimate exploitation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge (ghasb) and promote the public interest (maṣlaḥah 'āmmah). Based on these findings, the article proposes a post-treaty hybrid enforcement model combining differentiated enforcement, inter-institutional verification, and graduated sanctions. This model offers a proportionate approach by avoiding both normative symbolism without coercive force and automatic patent revocation. The article contributes a comparative typology of sanction design and its institutional consequences, while extending origin-disclosure scholarship through a Shari'ah-based analysis of justice and equitable benefit-sharing across diverse legal systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agustianto, Agustianto, Hari Sutra Disemadi, Oda Ignatius Besar Hariyanto, and Dame Afrina Sihombing. "Special Intellectual Property Protection for Traditional Cultural Expressions: Rectifying Broad Legal Approaches." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat 24, no. 1 (2024): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i1.21807.

Akpoviri, Frank Irikefe, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, and Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol. "Digital Sequence Information and the Access and Benefit-Sharing Obligation of the Convention on Biological Diversity." NanoEthics 17, no. 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-023-00436-3.

Ariyesti, Fitri Rini, Muhammad Ghufran, Sumran Ali, and Mardawani. "The Systematic Review of the Functionality of Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia." Journal of Public Affairs 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): e2482. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2482.

Bachri, Syabbul, Zaenul Mahmudi, Khoirul Hidayah, and Ma'adul Yaqien Makkarateng. "A Benefit-Based Reconstruction of Contemporary Copyright Inheritance in Indonesian Islamic Law." MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review 5, no. 2 (2026): 1205–1223. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v5i2.13719.

Boulanger, Christian. "The Comparative Sociology of Legal Doctrine: Thoughts on a Research Program." German Law Journal 21, no. 7 (2020): 1362–1377. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.80.

Ebert, Andreas W, Johannes M M Engels, Roland Schafleitner, Theo V Hintum, and Godfrey Mwila. "Critical Review of the Increasing Complexity of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies of Genetic Resources for Genebank Curators and Plant Breeders–A Public and Private Sector Perspective." Plants, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162992.

Golan, Jacob, KatieLee Riddle, Maui Hudson, Jane Anderson, Natalie Kusabs, and Tim Coltman. "Benefit Sharing: Why Inclusive Provenance Metadata Matter." Frontiers in Genetics Volume 13-2022 (2022). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1014044.

Hanoosh, Sarmad Dalaf, Ahmed Abed, Souria Mazouz, Aqeel Sarhan Fayyadh, and Neamah Rashid Salih. "Patent Protection for Artificial Intelligence: Contemporary Legal Challenges and Regulatory Perspectives." Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies 5, no. 2 (2026): 937–965. https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i2.322.

Haris, Elfi, O. K. Saidin, Ningrum Natasya Sirait, Maria Kaban, and Ruetaitip Chansrakaeo. "Legal Protection of Trademark Holders Against Imported Goods: A Contextual Framework under Islamic Economic Law." Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani 12, no. 2 (2025): 680–695. https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v12i2.9064.

Heinrich, Michael, Francesca Scotti, Adolfo Andrade-Cetto, Monica Berger-Gonzalez, Javier Echeverría, Fabio Friso, Felipe Garcia-Cardona, et al. "Access and Benefit Sharing Under the Nagoya Protocol—Quo Vadis? Six Latin American Case Studies Assessing Opportunities and Risk." Frontiers in Pharmacology Volume 11-2020 (2020). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00765.

Hudson, Maui, Stephanie Russo Carroll, Jane Anderson, Darrah Blackwater, Felina M Cordova-Marks, Jewel Cummins, Dominique David-Chavez, et al. "Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Data: A Contribution toward Indigenous Research Sovereignty." Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics Volume 8-2023 (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/articles/10.3389/frma.2023.1173805.

Huguenin-Elie, Eugenia. "Sustainability and Intellectual Property in Switzerland BT - Sustainability Objectives in Competition and Intellectual Property Law." edited by Pranvera Këllezi, Pierre Kobel, and Bruce Kilpatrick, 369–86. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44869-0_20.

Luo, Qingfeng, and Xi Zhao. "Intellectual Property Protection Intensity and Regional Technological Innovation Structure: Based on the Perspective of Economic Complexity Theory." Heliyon 10, no. 21 (November 15, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39964.

Nainggolan, Bernard, and Agus Joko Pramono. "Legal Protection of Intellectual Property For Digital Works By Utilising Emerging Technologies." Jurnal Hukum UNISSULA 41, no. 4 (2025): 897–942. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v41i4.40811.

Nurani, Nina, Apriwandi Apriwandi, and Hafied Noor Bagja. "Intellectual Property Rights Law Reform Based on Maqāṣid Al-Sharī' ah as a Model for Green Business-Based Creative Industry Protection to Support Sustainable Development." De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar'iah 18, no. 1 (2026): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v18i1.40840.

Robbins, Paul, Hilary Habeck Hunt, Francisco Pelegri, and Jonathan Gilbert. "Sovereign Genes: Wildlife Conservation, Genetic Preservation, and Indigenous Data Sovereignty." Frontiers in Conservation Science Volume 4-2023 (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/conservation-science/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2023.1099562.

Salim, Suriyati. "Islamic Perspectives on Intellectual Property Rights and the Fashion Industry in Malaysia." Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies (JCIS) 11, no. Issue2 (2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24191/jcis.v11i2.1.

Schebesta, Hanna. "The Potential of Private Standards for Valorizing Compliance with Access and Benefit Sharing Obligations of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge." Agronomy, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091823.

Sulistianingsih, Dewi, and Raden Muhammad Arvy Ilyasa. "The Impact of the TRIPS Agreement on the Development of Intellectual Property Laws in Indonesia." Indonesia Private Law Review 3, no. 2 (2022): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v3i2.2579.

Theil, Stefan. "Carefully Tailored: Doctrinal Methods and Empirical Contributions." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 45, no. 4 (2025): 1047–1075. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaf029.

Triana, Nita. “Menggagas Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Perspektif Hukum Islam Ke Dalam Hukum Nasional.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 12, no. 2 (2018): 177–192. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v12i2.1747.

Yumarni, Ani, Endeh Suhartini, Abdurrahman Raden Aji Haqqi, Mulyadi Mulyadi, and Siti Maryam. "The Meaning of 'Amânah’and’Trust’in the Appointment of Nâzhir in Indonesian Endowment Regulations.” Al-’Adalah 20, no. 1 (2023): 115–136. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v20i1.14517.